Last data update: May 13, 2024. (Total: 46773 publications since 2009)
Records 1-13 (of 13 Records) |
Query Trace: Magnus M[original query] |
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Implementing the immunization agenda 2030: A framework for action through coordinated planning, monitoring & evaluation, ownership & accountability, and communications & advocacy
Lindstrand A , Mast E , Churchill S , Rahimi N , Grevendork J , Brooks A , Magnus E , Nandy R , O'Brien KL . Vaccine 2023 In November 2020, the Seventy-Third World Health Assembly endorsed the Immunization Agenda 2030: A Global Strategy to Leave No One Behind (IA2030) in decision WHA73/(9). IA2030 defines what needs to happen to achieve the global vision of a world where everyone, everywhere, at every age fully benefits from vaccines for good health and well-being. | | IA2030 is a global strategy created for the global community and requiring broad ownership by all immunization and non-immunization stakeholders, including those involved in health system strengthening and disease-specific initiatives. While WHO was asked to lead the development of IA2030, all stakeholders co-created, co-developed and now co-own it. IA2030 has been designed to respond to the interests of each and every country, regardless of income level or geography. Recognizing that the most important actions for success must be taken by individual Member States, IA2030 aims to reinforce country ownership for planning and implementing effective and comprehensive vaccination programmes. |
Optimizing Provider Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Training: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Recommendations from Providers Across the PrEP Implementation Cascade
Rao S , Reed AE , Parchem B , Edelman EJ , Magnus M , Hansen NB , Kershaw TS , Earnshaw VA , Krakower DS , Dovidio JF , Mayer KH , Underhill K , Rosenberger JG , Ogburn DF , Betancourt JR , Calabrese SK . AIDS Behav 2021 26 (1) 1-14 Expanding PrEP access necessitates training that supports healthcare providers' progression along the PrEP implementation cascade, moving from PrEP awareness to prescription. We surveyed 359 USA providers about PrEP training content and format recommendations. We examined the association between cascade location and training recommendations. Most providers were aware of PrEP (100%), willing to prescribe PrEP (97.2%), had discussed PrEP with patients (92.2%), and had prescribed PrEP (79.9%). Latent class regression analysis revealed that cascade location was associated with training recommendations. Although all providers recommended PrEP-specific content (e.g., patient eligibility), providers who were located further along the cascade also recommended more comprehensive content, including sexual history-taking and sexual and gender minority competence training. Providers further along the cascade were also more likely to recommend interactive training formats (e.g., role-playing). These insights from providers furthest along the cascade indicate the importance of including comprehensive content and interactive formats in future PrEP training initiatives. |
A community-driven resource for genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance prediction of Neisseria gonorrhoeae at Pathogenwatch.
Sánchez-Busó L , Yeats CA , Taylor B , Goater RJ , Underwood A , Abudahab K , Argimón S , Ma KC , Mortimer TD , Golparian D , Cole MJ , Grad YH , Martin I , Raphael BH , Shafer WM , Town K , Wi T , Harris SR , Unemo M , Aanensen DM . Genome Med 2021 13 (1) 61 BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an urgent threat to public health, as strains resistant to at least one of the two last-line antibiotics used in empiric therapy of gonorrhoea, ceftriaxone and azithromycin, have spread internationally. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) data can be used to identify new AMR clones and transmission networks and inform the development of point-of-care tests for antimicrobial susceptibility, novel antimicrobials and vaccines. Community-driven tools that provide an easy access to and analysis of genomic and epidemiological data is the way forward for public health surveillance. METHODS: Here we present a public health-focussed scheme for genomic epidemiology of N. gonorrhoeae at Pathogenwatch ( https://pathogen.watch/ngonorrhoeae ). An international advisory group of experts in epidemiology, public health, genetics and genomics of N. gonorrhoeae was convened to inform on the utility of current and future analytics in the platform. We implement backwards compatibility with MLST, NG-MAST and NG-STAR typing schemes as well as an exhaustive library of genetic AMR determinants linked to a genotypic prediction of resistance to eight antibiotics. A collection of over 12,000 N. gonorrhoeae genome sequences from public archives has been quality-checked, assembled and made public together with available metadata for contextualization. RESULTS: AMR prediction from genome data revealed specificity values over 99% for azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone and sensitivity values around 99% for benzylpenicillin and tetracycline. A case study using the Pathogenwatch collection of N. gonorrhoeae public genomes showed the global expansion of an azithromycin-resistant lineage carrying a mosaic mtr over at least the last 10 years, emphasising the power of Pathogenwatch to explore and evaluate genomic epidemiology questions of public health concern. CONCLUSIONS: The N. gonorrhoeae scheme in Pathogenwatch provides customised bioinformatic pipelines guided by expert opinion that can be adapted to public health agencies and departments with little expertise in bioinformatics and lower-resourced settings with internet connection but limited computational infrastructure. The advisory group will assess and identify ongoing public health needs in the field of gonorrhoea, particularly regarding gonococcal AMR, in order to further enhance utility with modified or new analytic methods. |
Emergence and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 in the United States.
Washington NL , Gangavarapu K , Zeller M , Bolze A , Cirulli ET , Schiabor Barrett KM , Larsen BB , Anderson C , White S , Cassens T , Jacobs S , Levan G , Nguyen J , Ramirez JM3rd , Rivera-Garcia C , Sandoval E , Wang X , Wong D , Spencer E , Robles-Sikisaka R , Kurzban E , Hughes LD , Deng X , Wang C , Servellita V , Valentine H , De Hoff P , Seaver P , Sathe S , Gietzen K , Sickler B , Antico J , Hoon K , Liu J , Harding A , Bakhtar O , Basler T , Austin B , MacCannell D , Isaksson M , Febbo PG , Becker D , Laurent M , McDonald E , Yeo GW , Knight R , Laurent LC , de Feo E , Worobey M , Chiu CY , Suchard MA , Lu JT , Lee W , Andersen KG . Cell 2021 184 (10) 2587-2594 e7 The highly transmissible B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2, first identified in the United Kingdom, has gained a foothold across the world. Using S gene target failure (SGTF) and SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing, we investigated the prevalence and dynamics of this variant in the United States (US), tracking it back to its early emergence. We found that, while the fraction of B.1.1.7 varied by state, the variant increased at a logistic rate with a roughly weekly doubling rate and an increased transmission of 40%-50%. We revealed several independent introductions of B.1.1.7 into the US as early as late November 2020, with community transmission spreading it to most states within months. We show that the US is on a similar trajectory as other countries where B.1.1.7 became dominant, requiring immediate and decisive action to minimize COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. |
Childhood obesity evidence base project: A rationale for taxonomic versus conventional meta-analysis
Hedges LV , Saul JA , Cyr C , Magnus M , Scott-Sheldon LAJ , Young-Hyman D , Khan LK . Child Obes 2020 16 S21-s26 Introduction: There is a great need for analytic techniques that allow for the synthesis of learning across seemingly idiosyncratic interventions. Objectives: The primary objective of this paper is to introduce taxonomic meta-analysis and explain how it is different from conventional meta-analysis. Results: Conventional meta-analysis has previously been used to examine the effectiveness of childhood obesity prevention interventions. However, these tend to examine narrowly defined sections of obesity prevention initiatives, and as such, do not allow the field to draw conclusions across settings, participants, or subjects. Compared with conventional meta-analysis, taxonomic meta-analysis widens the aperture of what can be examined to synthesize evidence across interventions with diverse topics, goals, research designs, and settings. A component approach is employed to examine interventions at the level of their essential features or activities to identify the concrete aspects of interventions that are used (intervention components), characteristics of the intended populations (target population or intended recipient characteristics), and facets of the environments in which they operate (contextual elements), and the relationship of these components to effect size. In addition, compared with conventional meta-analysis methods, taxonomic meta-analyses can include the results of natural experiments, policy initiatives, program implementation efforts and highly controlled experiments (as examples) regardless of the design of the report being analyzed as long as the intended outcome is the same. It also characterizes the domain of interventions that have been studied. Conclusion: Taxonomic meta-analysis can be a powerful tool for summarizing the evidence that exists and for generating hypotheses that are worthy of more rigorous testing. |
Childhood obesity evidence base project: Methods for taxonomy development for application in taxonomic meta-analysis
King H , Magnus M , Hedges LV , Cyr C , Young-Hyman D , Kettel Khan L , Scott-Sheldon LAJ , Saul JA , Arteaga S , Cawley J , Economos CD , Haire-Joshu D , Hunter CM , Lee BY , Kumanyika SK , Ritchie LD , Robinson TN , Schwartz MB . Child Obes 2020 16 S27-s220 Meta-analysis has been used to examine the effectiveness of childhood obesity prevention efforts, yet traditional conventional meta-analytic methods restrict the kinds of studies included, and either narrowly define mechanisms and agents of change, or examine the effectiveness of whole interventions as opposed to the specific actions that comprise interventions. Taxonomic meta-analytic methods widen the aperture of what can be included in a meta-analysis data set, allowing for inclusion of many types of interventions and study designs. The National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research Childhood Obesity Evidence Base (COEB) project focuses on interventions intended to prevent childhood obesity in children 2-5 years old who have an outcome measure of BMI. The COEB created taxonomies, anchored in the Social Ecological Model, which catalog specific outcomes, intervention components, intended recipients, and contexts of policies, initiatives, and interventions conducted at the individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and societal level. Taxonomies were created by discovery from the literature itself using grounded theory. This article describes the process used for a novel taxonomic meta-analysis of childhood obesity prevention studies between the years 2010 and 2019. This method can be applied to other areas of research, including obesity prevention in additional populations. |
Childhood obesity evidence base project: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a new taxonomy of intervention components to improve weight status in children 2-5 years of age, 2005-2019
Scott-Sheldon LAJ , Hedges LV , Cyr C , Young-Hyman D , Khan LK , Magnus M , King H , Arteaga S , Cawley J , Economos CD , Haire-Joshu D , Hunter CM , Lee BY , Kumanyika SK , Ritchie LD , Robinson TN , Schwartz MB . Child Obes 2020 16 S221-s248 Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of childhood obesity interventions and conduct a taxonomy of intervention components that are most effective in changing obesity-related health outcomes in children 2-5 years of age. Methods: Comprehensive searches located 51 studies from 18,335 unique records. Eligible studies: (1) assessed children aged 2-5, living in the United States; (2) evaluated an intervention to improve weight status; (3) identified a same-aged comparison group; (4) measured BMI; and (5) were available between January 2005 and August 2019. Coders extracted study, sample, and intervention characteristics. Effect sizes [ESs; and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)] were calculated by using random-effects models. Meta-regression was used to determine which intervention components explain variability in ESs. Results: Included were 51 studies evaluating 58 interventions (N = 29,085; mean age = 4 years; 50% girls). Relative to controls, children receiving an intervention had a lower BMI at the end of the intervention (g = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.02-0.18; k = 55) and at the last follow-up (g = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.04-0.30; k = 14; range = 18-143 weeks). Three intervention components moderated efficacy: engage caregivers in praise/encouragement for positive health-related behavior; provide education about the importance of screen time reduction to caregivers; and engage pediatricians/health care providers. Conclusions: Early childhood obesity interventions are effective in reducing BMI in preschool children. Our findings suggest that facilitating caregiver education about the importance of screen time reduction may be an important strategy in reducing early childhood obesity. |
Optimising treatments for sexually transmitted infections: surveillance, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, therapeutic strategies, and molecular resistance prediction.
Sena AC , Bachmann L , Johnston C , Wi T , Workowski K , Hook EW 3rd , Hocking JS , Drusano G , Unemo M . Lancet Infect Dis 2020 20 (8) e181-e191 Progressive antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis has created a pressing need for treatment optimisations for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In this Review, we aim to highlight urgent needs in global STI management, including: (1) improved surveillance to monitor antimicrobial resistance and clinical outcomes; (2) systematic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations to ensure resistance suppression and bacterial eradication at all sites of infection; (3) development of novel, affordable antimicrobials; and (4) advancements in new molecular and point-of-care tests to detect antimicrobial resistance determinants. Antimicrobial resistance among STIs is a global public health crisis. Continuous efforts to develop novel antimicrobials will be essential, in addition to other public health interventions to reduce the global STI burden. Apart from prevention through safer sexual practices, the development of STI vaccines to prevent transmission is a crucial research priority. |
Genomic characterization of urethritis-associated Neisseria meningitidis shows that a wide range of N. meningitidis strains can cause urethritis.
Ma KC , Unemo M , Jeverica S , Kirkcaldy RD , Takahashi H , Ohnishi M , Grad YH . J Clin Microbiol 2017 55 (12) 3374-3383 Neisseria meningitidis, typically a resident of the oro- or nasopharynx and the causative agent of meningococcal meningitis and meningococcemia, is capable of invading and colonizing the urogenital tract. This can result in urethritis, akin to the syndrome caused by its sister species N. gonorrhoeae, the etiologic agent of gonorrhea. Recently, meningococcal strains associated with outbreaks of urethritis were reported to share genetic characteristics with gonococcus, raising the question of the extent to which these strains contain features that promote adaptation to the genitourinary niche, making them gonococcal-like and distinguishing them from other N. meningitidis Here, we analyzed the genomes of 39 diverse N. meningitidis isolates associated with urethritis, collected independently over a decade and across three continents. In particular, we characterized the diversity of the nitrite reductase gene (aniA), the factor-H binding protein gene (fHbp), and the capsule biosynthetic locus, all of which are loci previously suggested to be associated with urogenital colonization. We observed notable diversity including frameshift variants in aniA and fHbp, and the presence of intact, disrupted, and absent capsule biosynthetic genes, indicating that urogenital colonization and urethritis caused by N. meningitidis is possible across a range of meningococcal genotypes. Previously identified allelic patterns in urethritis-associated N. meningitidis may reflect genetic diversity in the underlying meningococcal population rather than novel adaptation to the urogenital tract. |
Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution.
Rutledge GG , Bohme U , Sanders M , Reid AJ , Cotton JA , Maiga-Ascofare O , Djimde AA , Apinjoh TO , Amenga-Etego L , Manske M , Barnwell JW , Renaud F , Ollomo B , Prugnolle F , Anstey NM , Auburn S , Price RN , McCarthy JS , Kwiatkowski DP , Newbold CI , Berriman M , Otto TD . Nature 2017 542 (7639) 101-104 Elucidation of the evolutionary history and interrelatedness of Plasmodium species that infect humans has been hampered by a lack of genetic information for three human-infective species: P. malariae and two P. ovale species (P. o. curtisi and P. o. wallikeri). These species are prevalent across most regions in which malaria is endemic and are often undetectable by light microscopy, rendering their study in human populations difficult. The exact evolutionary relationship of these species to the other human-infective species has been contested. Using a new reference genome for P. malariae and a manually curated draft P. o. curtisi genome, we are now able to accurately place these species within the Plasmodium phylogeny. Sequencing of a P. malariae relative that infects chimpanzees reveals similar signatures of selection in the P. malariae lineage to another Plasmodium lineage shown to be capable of colonization of both human and chimpanzee hosts. Molecular dating suggests that these host adaptations occurred over similar evolutionary timescales. In addition to the core genome that is conserved between species, differences in gene content can be linked to their specific biology. The genome suggests that P. malariae expresses a family of heterodimeric proteins on its surface that have structural similarities to a protein crucial for invasion of red blood cells. The data presented here provide insight into the evolution of the Plasmodium genus as a whole. |
Pharmacogenetic Allele Nomenclature: International Workgroup Recommendations for Test Result Reporting.
Kalman LV , Agundez JA , Appell ML , Black JL , Bell GC , Boukouvala S , Bruckner C , Bruford E , Caudle K , Coulthard SA , Daly AK , Del Tredici A , den Dunnen JT , Drozda K , Everts RE , Flockhart D , Freimuth RR , Gaedigk A , Hachad H , Hartshorne T , Ingelman-Sundberg M , Klein TE , Lauschke VM , Maglott DR , McLeod HL , McMillin GA , Meyer UA , Müller DJ , Nickerson DA , Oetting WS , Pacanowski M , Pratt VM , Relling MV , Roberts A , Rubinstein WS , Sangkuhl K , Schwab M , Scott SA , Sim SC , Thirumaran RK , Toji LH , Tyndale RF , van Schaik R , Whirl-Carrillo M , Yeo K , Zanger UM . Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015 99 (2) 172-85 This manuscript provides nomenclature recommendations developed by an international workgroup to increase transparency and standardization of pharmacogenetic (PGx) result reporting. Presently, sequence variants identified by PGx tests are described using different nomenclature systems. In addition, PGx analysis may detect different sets of variants for each gene, which can affect interpretation of results. This practice has caused confusion and may thereby impede the adoption of clinical PGx testing. Standardization is critical to move PGx forward. |
Early HIV infections among men who have sex with men in five cities in the United States
Paz-Bailey G , Smith A , Masciotra S , Zhang W , Bingham T , Flynn C , German D , Al-Tayyib A , Magnus M , LaLota M , Rose CE , Owen SM . AIDS Behav 2015 19 (12) 2304-10 We tested blood samples from men who have sex with men (MSM) to detect early HIV infection. Early HIV included both acute (infected past 30 days) and recent (estimated recency past 240 days). Acute infections were defined as screen immunoassay (IA) negative/NAAT-positive or IA-positive/Multispot-negative/NAAT-positive. Recent infections were defined as avidity index cutoff <30 % on an avidity-based IA and, (1) not reporting antiretroviral therapy use or, (2) HIV RNA >150 copies/mL. Of 937 samples, 26 % (244) were HIV-infected and of these 5 % (12) were early. Of early infections, 2 were acute and 10 recent; most (8/12) were among black MSM. Early infection was associated with last partner of black race [adjusted relative risk (ARR) = 4.6, confidence intervals (CI) 1.2-17.3], receptive anal sex at last sex (ARR = 4.3, CI 1.2-15.0), and daily Internet use to meet partners/friends (ARR = 3.3, CI 1.1-9.7). Expanding prevention and treatment for black MSM will be necessary for reducing incidence in the United States. |
Evolutionary pathway to increased virulence and epidemic group A Streptococcus disease derived from 3,615 genome sequences.
Nasser W , Beres SB , Olsen RJ , Dean MA , Rice KA , Long SW , Kristinsson KG , Gottfredsson M , Vuopio J , Raisanen K , Caugant DA , Steinbakk M , Low DE , McGeer A , Darenberg J , Henriques-Normark B , Van Beneden CA , Hoffmann S , Musser JM . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014 111 (17) E1768-76 We sequenced the genomes of 3,615 strains of serotype Emm protein 1 (M1) group A Streptococcus to unravel the nature and timing of molecular events contributing to the emergence, dissemination, and genetic diversification of an unusually virulent clone that now causes epidemic human infections worldwide. We discovered that the contemporary epidemic clone emerged in stepwise fashion from a precursor cell that first contained the phage encoding an extracellular DNase virulence factor (streptococcal DNase D2, SdaD2) and subsequently acquired the phage encoding the SpeA1 variant of the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A superantigen. The SpeA2 toxin variant evolved from SpeA1 by a single-nucleotide change in the M1 progenitor strain before acquisition by horizontal gene transfer of a large chromosomal region encoding secreted toxins NAD(+)-glycohydrolase and streptolysin O. Acquisition of this 36-kb region in the early 1980s into just one cell containing the phage-encoded sdaD2 and speA2 genes was the final major molecular event preceding the emergence and rapid intercontinental spread of the contemporary epidemic clone. Thus, we resolve a decades-old controversy about the type and sequence of genomic alterations that produced this explosive epidemic. Analysis of comprehensive, population-based contemporary invasive strains from seven countries identified strong patterns of temporal population structure. Compared with a preepidemic reference strain, the contemporary clone is significantly more virulent in nonhuman primate models of pharyngitis and necrotizing fasciitis. A key finding is that the molecular evolutionary events transpiring in just one bacterial cell ultimately have produced millions of human infections worldwide. |
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